Cognitive map report

 INTRODUCTION

Cognitive maps are the umbrella term for all visual representation of mental modes. All mapping techniques described in the article are instances of cognitive map.The idea of cognitive map orginates from the work of psychologist Edward Tolman, who is famous for his studies of how rats learned to navigate maizes. A cognitive map is a type of mental representation of a person’s or a group’s mental model for a given process or concept.Cognitive map has no visual rules that they need to obey. There is no restriction on how the concepts and the relationships between visually represented. Cognitive maps are still been used in a range of fields.Colin Eden; an operation researcher used the term in a broader sense to refer to a mental model representation of any type of process or concept whether spatial or not.

COGNITIVE MAP REPORT ON NUTRITION

As part of our B. Ed curriculum 2021-23, we the students of Fathima memorial training college has done cognitive map which helps the students to understand the concepts better. From the plus one chapters I have selected the chapter digestion and absorption for the making of concept map.The digestive system of humans consists of an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands. The alimentary canal consists of the mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and the anus. The accessory digestive glands include the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Inside the mouth the teeth masticates the food, the tongue tastes the food and manipulates it for proper mastication by mixing with the saliva. Saliva contains a starch digestive enzyme, salivary amylase that digests the starch and converts it into maltose. The food then passes into the pharynx and enters the oesophagus in the form of bolus, which is further carried down through the oesophagus by peristalsis into the stomach. In stomach mainly protein digestion takes place. Absorption of simple sugars, alcohol and medicines also takes place in the stomach.The chyme enters into the duodenum portion of the small intestine and is acted on by the pancreatic juice, bile and finally by the enzymes in the succus entericus, so that the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats is completed. The food then enters into the jejunum and ileum portions of the small intestine. Carbohydrates are digested and converted into monosaccharides like glucose. Proteins are finally broken down into amino acids. The fats are converted to fatty acid and glycerol. The digested end products are absorbed into the body through the epithelial lining of the intestinal villi. The undigested food enters into the caecum of the large intestine through ileo-caecal valve, which prevents the backflow of the faecal matter. Most of the water is absorbed in the large intestine . the undigested food becomes semi-solid in nature and then enters into the rectum, anal canal and is finally egested out through the anus.

COGNITIVE MAP REPORT ON PARTS OF A PLANT

From the plus two chapters I have selected the chapter The morphology of flowering plants for the making of concept map. Flowering plants exhibits enormous variation in shape, size, structure, mode of nutrition, life span, habit and habitat. They have well developed root and shoot systems. Root system is either tap root or fibrous. Generally, dicotyledonous plants have tap roots while monocotyledonous plants have fibrous roots. The roots in some plants get modified for storage of food, mechanical support and respiration. The shoot system is differentiated into stem, leaves, flowers and fruits. The morphological features of stems like the presence of nodes and internodes, multicellular hair and positively phototropic nature help to differentiate the stems from roots. Stems also get modified to perform diverse functions such as storage of food, vegetative propagation and protection under different conditions. Leaf is a lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at the node. These are green in colour to perform the function of photosynthesis. Leaves exhibits marked variations in their shape, size, margin, apex and extent of incisions of leaf blade. Like other parts of plants, the leaves also get modified into other structures such as tendrils, spines for climbing  and protection respectively. The flower is a modified shoot, meant for sexual reproduction. The flowers are  arranged in different types of inflorescences. They exhibit enormous variation in  structure, symmetry, position of ovary in relation to other parts, arrangement pf petals,  sepals, ovules etc. After fertilisation, the ovary is modified into fruits and ovules into  seeds. Seeds either may be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. They vary in shape,  size and period of viability. The floral characteristics form the basis of classification  and identification of flowering plants. This can be illustrated through semi-technical  descriptions of families. Hence, a flowering plant is described in a definite sequence  by using scientific terms. The floral features are represented in the summarised form  as floral diagrams and floral formula.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a cognitive map is a mental representation of one’s environment  that is formed through experience, learning and memory. It is a mental model that  individuals use to organise and navigate their surroundings and can be used for a variety of purposes, such as navigation, problem solving and planning.